Αποσπάσματα βιβλίων
Το τέλος της υποχρεωτικής εργασίας εγκαινιάζει την εποχή της δημιουργικότητας.
Έστω κι αν είναι πασίγνωστο, στα γραφεία και στα εργοστάσια, ότι οι αρχηγοί βρωμάνε, είναι καλό να ξέρουμε στο εξής ότι δεν έχουν παρά την οσμή του εμπορευματικού συστήματος το οποίο προστατεύουν. Και παντού όπου υπάρχουν αρχηγοί μπορείς να μυρίσεις το κράτος και την ιεραρχημένη εξουσία που αποτελεί την ουσία του.
πώς να καλλιεργηθεί αυτή η γη, όταν δεν υπάρχει κανένας για να την καλλιεργήσει;
η γενική βούληση είναι για τον Ρουσσώ κάτι σαν μαθηματική αλήθεια ή πλατωνική ιδέα
και τα πιο απλά πράγματα δεν φανερώνονται εύκολα στα ταραγμένα μυαλά
οι εποχές της σύγκρουσης, όταν ελεύθερα γίνεται δίχως να πέφτει στο ‘να μέρος της ζυγαριάς το βάρος μιας καθιδρυμένης εξουσίας, είναι αυτές οι εποχές που έλαβε τη μεγαλύτερη ανάπτυξή της η ανθρώπινη ευφυΐα
Είχες να διαλέξεις μεταξύ της πλήρους κατανόησης των διανοητικών διαταραχών και της θεραπείας τους με ηλεκτροσόκ.
Πώς μπορούμε να διεγείρουμε την περιέργεια όντων που τα κατατρώει η αγωνία του λάθους και ο φόβος της ποινής;
όλα όσα θυμίζουν τις ονειροπολήσεις της υποκειμενικότητας και τις ελπίδες της θέλησης για ζωή εξακολουθούν να ασκούν, παρ’ όλα τα ιδεολογικά περιβλήματα, μια μαγνητική δύναμη στους περισσότερους
Οι άνθρωποι είναι, τόσο συχνά, παιδιά χαμένα στην ώριμη ηλικία, με επουλωμένη την πληγή των ατελών απαντήσεων
όπως η εργασία ταυτιζόταν με τη δύναμη, η τεμπελιά εξευτελιζόταν σαν μια νοσηρή αδυναμία
η πλειοψηφία των ανθρώπων στηριζόταν στην μίζερη ελπίδα μιας κοινωνικής ανόδου και μιας εγγυημένης καριέρας μέχρι την σύνταξη
Μηνύματα τραγουδιών
για καθαρό ουρανό
ξοδεύτηκες στις αγορές
και στα παζάρια τρέχεις
τα παραμύθια σου φτηνά
τον εαυτό σου δεν αντέχεις
και στα παζάρια τρέχεις
τα παραμύθια σου φτηνά
τον εαυτό σου δεν αντέχεις
ονειρεύεται καυτούς προβολείς
του 'χωσε φράγκα ο γέρος να τον εσπουδάσει
μα έμεινε ένα τούβλο, ένα κωθώνι
του πήρε κι ένα σπίτι κι ένα αμάξι
του βρήκε και δουλειά του παλιοφλώρου
μα έμεινε ένα τούβλο, ένα κωθώνι
του πήρε κι ένα σπίτι κι ένα αμάξι
του βρήκε και δουλειά του παλιοφλώρου
αγνάντεψα ψηλά
και ονειρεύτηκα
και ονειρεύτηκα
κόβουν στα μέτρα τους τους μαθητάδες
λευτεριά
μια ζωή αντιπαροχή
μία ζωή με δόσεις
μία ζωή με δόσεις
σαν τους άλλους
χάθηκαν κι εκείνοι
χάθηκαν κι εκείνοι
πέστε μου, αξίζει μια πεντάρα
των γραφειοκρατών η φάρα;
στήνει με ζήλο περισσό
στον σβέρκο του λαού χορό
των γραφειοκρατών η φάρα;
στήνει με ζήλο περισσό
στον σβέρκο του λαού χορό
για τους μικράνθρωπους
δίχως χτύπο οι ώρες
Άρθρα
ελευθεροποίηση
Σε αρκετά κείµενα από την αρχαιότητα µέχρι σήµερα, στο µυαλό ορισµένων από εµάς, αλλά και σε διάφορες συζητήσεις µας έχουν εµφανιστεί και περιγραφεί κοινωνίες πολύ καλύτερες από αυτήν που ζούµε στο παϱόν. Σήµερα, µε την πρόοδο της επιστήµης και της τεχνολογίας, υπάρχει επιπλέον η δυνατότητα της λεπτοµερούς περιγραφής της λειτουργίας µιας τέτοιας εναλλακτικής κοινωνίας. Παρ΄ όλα αυτά, εξακολουθεί να µην έχει γίνει πράξη κανένα σηµείο της. ∆ιαφαίνεται, λοιπόν, ένα παϱάδοξο αφού από την µία πλευρά υπάρχει ένας άκρως επιθυµητός και εφικτός στόχος, ενώ από την άλλη πλευρά δεν έχει υλοποιηθεί καµία πτυχή του. Στο παρόν άρθρο, εντοπίζονται οι αιτίες του παράδοξου αυτού και προτείνεται µια διαδικασία µετάβασης από τον σηµερινό τρόπο ζωής σε έναν διαφορετικό, παρουσιάζοντας έτσι µια εφικτή και αποδοτική λύση στο πρόβληµα της µετάβασης σε µια καλύτερη κοινωνία.
Σε αρκετά κείµενα από την αρχαιότητα µέχρι σήµερα, στο µυαλό ορισµένων από εµάς, αλλά και σε διάφορες συζητήσεις µας έχουν εµφανιστεί και περιγραφεί κοινωνίες πολύ καλύτερες από αυτήν που ζούµε στο παϱόν. Σήµερα, µε την πρόοδο της επιστήµης και της τεχνολογίας, υπάρχει επιπλέον η δυνατότητα της λεπτοµερούς περιγραφής της λειτουργίας µιας τέτοιας εναλλακτικής κοινωνίας. Παρ΄ όλα αυτά, εξακολουθεί να µην έχει γίνει πράξη κανένα σηµείο της. ∆ιαφαίνεται, λοιπόν, ένα παϱάδοξο αφού από την µία πλευρά υπάρχει ένας άκρως επιθυµητός και εφικτός στόχος, ενώ από την άλλη πλευρά δεν έχει υλοποιηθεί καµία πτυχή του. Στο παρόν άρθρο, εντοπίζονται οι αιτίες του παράδοξου αυτού και προτείνεται µια διαδικασία µετάβασης από τον σηµερινό τρόπο ζωής σε έναν διαφορετικό, παρουσιάζοντας έτσι µια εφικτή και αποδοτική λύση στο πρόβληµα της µετάβασης σε µια καλύτερη κοινωνία.
εκφυλισµός των ιδεών
Συχνά ακούµε ϕράσεις όπως "δεν υπάρχουν νέες ιδέες πια" ή "δεν γίνονται σήµερα µεγάλα πράγµατα όπως παλιότερα" ή "απουσιάζουν σήµερα οι µεγάλες καινοτοµίες, απουσιάζουν οι µεγάλοι άντρες". Η αντίληψη ότι οι σηµερινές ιδέες υπολείπονται κατά πολύ των παλαιότερων διατρέχει όλους τους τοµείς της ζωής µας, από την τέχνη ως την επιστήµη και από την πολιτική ως τον αθλητισµό. Κι όµως, οι µεγάλες ιδέες είναι εδώ. Και οι άνθρωποι που τις αναπτύσσουν είναι εδώ.
Συχνά ακούµε ϕράσεις όπως "δεν υπάρχουν νέες ιδέες πια" ή "δεν γίνονται σήµερα µεγάλα πράγµατα όπως παλιότερα" ή "απουσιάζουν σήµερα οι µεγάλες καινοτοµίες, απουσιάζουν οι µεγάλοι άντρες". Η αντίληψη ότι οι σηµερινές ιδέες υπολείπονται κατά πολύ των παλαιότερων διατρέχει όλους τους τοµείς της ζωής µας, από την τέχνη ως την επιστήµη και από την πολιτική ως τον αθλητισµό. Κι όµως, οι µεγάλες ιδέες είναι εδώ. Και οι άνθρωποι που τις αναπτύσσουν είναι εδώ.
simple equations for production theory
the following correspond to a group: N is the number of individuals W is the time of period that can be considered as the base of our periodic phenomenon, e.g. W = ”a week”
the following correspond to a group: N is the number of individuals W is the time of period that can be considered as the base of our periodic phenomenon, e.g. W = ”a week”
περί της διαδικασίας των ενεργειών
Τα βασικά στοιχεία των ενεργειών είναι η γνώση, η σκέψη και η πράξη. Ορθή και ικανή για θεμιτά αποτελέσματα κρίνεται η ύπαρξη και των τριών στοιχείων και μάλιστα στη σειρά που προαναφέρθηκαν. Για μια ολοκληρωμένη ενέργεια χρειάζεται πρωτίστως η γνώση η οποία μπορεί να αποκτηθεί με το διάβασμα, την παρατήρηση, την εμπειρία και άλλα μέσα παθητικής στάσης, έπεται η σκέψη με στόχο την κατανόηση των αντικειμένων της γνώσης με τελικό στάδιο την πλήρη αφομοίωσή τους και τέλος η πράξη ως υλοποίηση αυτών που κατανοήθηκαν με απώτερο στάδιο την παραγωγή έργου.
Τα βασικά στοιχεία των ενεργειών είναι η γνώση, η σκέψη και η πράξη. Ορθή και ικανή για θεμιτά αποτελέσματα κρίνεται η ύπαρξη και των τριών στοιχείων και μάλιστα στη σειρά που προαναφέρθηκαν. Για μια ολοκληρωμένη ενέργεια χρειάζεται πρωτίστως η γνώση η οποία μπορεί να αποκτηθεί με το διάβασμα, την παρατήρηση, την εμπειρία και άλλα μέσα παθητικής στάσης, έπεται η σκέψη με στόχο την κατανόηση των αντικειμένων της γνώσης με τελικό στάδιο την πλήρη αφομοίωσή τους και τέλος η πράξη ως υλοποίηση αυτών που κατανοήθηκαν με απώτερο στάδιο την παραγωγή έργου.
sustainable social systems
An individual is a person, an animal, a machine, or an element of nature that can be considered distinct from its environment. A social system, or simply system, is a set of individuals. Each individual has needs which must be satisfied to preserve the individual in an acceptable level of existence. Each need is satisfied by goods, that are produced by individuals. A system is selfcontained if the individuals that constitute it use goods produced exclusively by them, while a system is introvert if the goods produced by its individuals are consumed only by them. In other words, at a self-contained system there are not imports of goods from outside the system, while at an introvert system there are not exports of goods to outside the system. A system is closed if it is both self-contained and introvert, otherwise it is open.
An individual is a person, an animal, a machine, or an element of nature that can be considered distinct from its environment. A social system, or simply system, is a set of individuals. Each individual has needs which must be satisfied to preserve the individual in an acceptable level of existence. Each need is satisfied by goods, that are produced by individuals. A system is selfcontained if the individuals that constitute it use goods produced exclusively by them, while a system is introvert if the goods produced by its individuals are consumed only by them. In other words, at a self-contained system there are not imports of goods from outside the system, while at an introvert system there are not exports of goods to outside the system. A system is closed if it is both self-contained and introvert, otherwise it is open.
A theory of human motivation
The present paper is an attempt to formulate a positive theory of motivation which will satisfy these theoretical demands and at the same time conform to the known facts, clinical and observational as well as experimental.
The present paper is an attempt to formulate a positive theory of motivation which will satisfy these theoretical demands and at the same time conform to the known facts, clinical and observational as well as experimental.
Diffusion of innovations
ONE REASON WHY THERE is so MUCH INTEREST in the diffusion of innovations is because getting a new idea adopted, even when it has obvious advantages, is often very difficult. There is a wide gap in many fields, between what is known and what is actually put into use. Many innovations require a lengthy period, often of some years, from the time when they become available to the time when they are widely adopted. Therefore, a common problem for many individuals and organizations is how to speed up the rate of diffusion of an innovation.
ONE REASON WHY THERE is so MUCH INTEREST in the diffusion of innovations is because getting a new idea adopted, even when it has obvious advantages, is often very difficult. There is a wide gap in many fields, between what is known and what is actually put into use. Many innovations require a lengthy period, often of some years, from the time when they become available to the time when they are widely adopted. Therefore, a common problem for many individuals and organizations is how to speed up the rate of diffusion of an innovation.
Democracy in Crisis
Freedom in the World 2018
Political rights and civil liberties around the world deteriorated to their lowest point in more than a decade in 2017, extending a period characterized by emboldened autocrats, beleaguered democracies, and the United States’ withdrawal from its leadership role in the global struggle for human freedom.
Freedom in the World 2018
Political rights and civil liberties around the world deteriorated to their lowest point in more than a decade in 2017, extending a period characterized by emboldened autocrats, beleaguered democracies, and the United States’ withdrawal from its leadership role in the global struggle for human freedom.
Reality Monitoring
People remember information from two basic sources: that derived from external sources (obtained through perceptual processes) and that generated by internal processes such as reasoning, imagination, and thought. Of particular interest to us are the processes people use in deciding whether information initially had an external or an internal source, which we call "reality monitoring." We propose a working model of reality monitoring to account for both discrimination and confusion between memories for thoughts and memories for perceptions. Examples of questions the model addresses are, What types of information are more likely to be represented in memories of external events than in memories of internal events? What cues allow people to decide the origin of a memory? What is the nature of the decision processes involved? Which processes, and under what conditions, are likely to break down and lead to unreliable memory? What assumptions do individuals have about their memory for their thoughts compared to their memory for their perceptions? How accurate are these assumptions? We summarize some research that is encouraging as far as the tractability of some of these problems is concerned and that demonstrates the usefulness of the particular working model proposed here.
People remember information from two basic sources: that derived from external sources (obtained through perceptual processes) and that generated by internal processes such as reasoning, imagination, and thought. Of particular interest to us are the processes people use in deciding whether information initially had an external or an internal source, which we call "reality monitoring." We propose a working model of reality monitoring to account for both discrimination and confusion between memories for thoughts and memories for perceptions. Examples of questions the model addresses are, What types of information are more likely to be represented in memories of external events than in memories of internal events? What cues allow people to decide the origin of a memory? What is the nature of the decision processes involved? Which processes, and under what conditions, are likely to break down and lead to unreliable memory? What assumptions do individuals have about their memory for their thoughts compared to their memory for their perceptions? How accurate are these assumptions? We summarize some research that is encouraging as far as the tractability of some of these problems is concerned and that demonstrates the usefulness of the particular working model proposed here.
The End of History?
The notion of the end of history is not an original one. Its best known propagator was Karl Marx, who believed that the direction of historical development was a purposeful one determined by the interplay of material forces, and would come to an end only with the achievement of a communist utopia that would finally resolve all prior contradictions. But the concept of history as a dialectical process with a beginning, a middle, and an end was borrowed by Marx from his great German predecessor Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.
The notion of the end of history is not an original one. Its best known propagator was Karl Marx, who believed that the direction of historical development was a purposeful one determined by the interplay of material forces, and would come to an end only with the achievement of a communist utopia that would finally resolve all prior contradictions. But the concept of history as a dialectical process with a beginning, a middle, and an end was borrowed by Marx from his great German predecessor Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.
Towards a new manifesto?
A life-long intellectual partnership between two major thinkers, so close that their most celebrated single texts were co-authored and their names are difficult to dissociate, is rare enough to rank as virtually a sport of history. There seem to be only two cases: in the 19th century, Marx and Engels, and in the 20th Horkheimer and Adorno. Might they be regarded as prefigurations of what in a post-bourgeois world would become less uncommon? Their patterns differed. Marx and Engels, born two years apart, were contemporaries; once their friendship was formed, collaboration between them never ceased. Adorno was eight years Horkheimer’s junior, and a close working relationship came much later, with many more vicissitudes: initial meeting in 1921, intermittent friction and exchange up to the mid-1930s, concord only in American exile from 1938 onwards, more pointedly distinct identities throughout. The general trajectory of the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research is well known, as over time ‘critical theory’—originally Horkheimer’s code-word for Marxism—confined itself to the realms of philosophy, sociology and aesthetics; to all appearances completely detached from politics. Privately it was otherwise, as the exchange below makes clear. This unique document is the record, taken down by Gretel Adorno, of discussions over three weeks in the spring of 1956, with a view to the production of—as Adorno puts it—a contemporary version of The Communist Manifesto. In form it might be described, were jazz not anathema to Adorno, as a philosophical jam-session, in which the two thinkers improvise freely, often wildly, on central themes of their work—theory and practice, labour and leisure, domination and freedom—in a political register found nowhere else in their writing. Amid a careening flux of arguments, aphorisms and asides, in which the trenchant alternates with the reckless, the playful with the ingenuous, positions are swapped and contradictions unheeded, without any compulsion for consistency. In substance, each thinker reveals a different profile. Horkheimer, historically more politicized, was by now the more conservative, imbibing Time on China, if not yet to the point where he would commend the Kaiser for warning of the Yellow Peril. Though still blaming the West for what went wrong with the Russian Revolution, and rejecting any kind of reformism, his general outlook was now close to Kojève’s a decade later: ‘We can expect nothing more from mankind than a more or less worn-out version of the American system’. Adorno, more aesthetically minded, emerges paradoxically as the more radical: reminding Horkheimer of the need to oppose Adenauer, and envisaging their project as a ‘strictly Leninist manifesto’, even in a period when ‘the horror is that for the first time we live in a world in which we can no longer imagine a better one’.
A life-long intellectual partnership between two major thinkers, so close that their most celebrated single texts were co-authored and their names are difficult to dissociate, is rare enough to rank as virtually a sport of history. There seem to be only two cases: in the 19th century, Marx and Engels, and in the 20th Horkheimer and Adorno. Might they be regarded as prefigurations of what in a post-bourgeois world would become less uncommon? Their patterns differed. Marx and Engels, born two years apart, were contemporaries; once their friendship was formed, collaboration between them never ceased. Adorno was eight years Horkheimer’s junior, and a close working relationship came much later, with many more vicissitudes: initial meeting in 1921, intermittent friction and exchange up to the mid-1930s, concord only in American exile from 1938 onwards, more pointedly distinct identities throughout. The general trajectory of the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research is well known, as over time ‘critical theory’—originally Horkheimer’s code-word for Marxism—confined itself to the realms of philosophy, sociology and aesthetics; to all appearances completely detached from politics. Privately it was otherwise, as the exchange below makes clear. This unique document is the record, taken down by Gretel Adorno, of discussions over three weeks in the spring of 1956, with a view to the production of—as Adorno puts it—a contemporary version of The Communist Manifesto. In form it might be described, were jazz not anathema to Adorno, as a philosophical jam-session, in which the two thinkers improvise freely, often wildly, on central themes of their work—theory and practice, labour and leisure, domination and freedom—in a political register found nowhere else in their writing. Amid a careening flux of arguments, aphorisms and asides, in which the trenchant alternates with the reckless, the playful with the ingenuous, positions are swapped and contradictions unheeded, without any compulsion for consistency. In substance, each thinker reveals a different profile. Horkheimer, historically more politicized, was by now the more conservative, imbibing Time on China, if not yet to the point where he would commend the Kaiser for warning of the Yellow Peril. Though still blaming the West for what went wrong with the Russian Revolution, and rejecting any kind of reformism, his general outlook was now close to Kojève’s a decade later: ‘We can expect nothing more from mankind than a more or less worn-out version of the American system’. Adorno, more aesthetically minded, emerges paradoxically as the more radical: reminding Horkheimer of the need to oppose Adenauer, and envisaging their project as a ‘strictly Leninist manifesto’, even in a period when ‘the horror is that for the first time we live in a world in which we can no longer imagine a better one’.
The Frequency of Wars (19 pages)
Wars are increasingly frequent, and the trend has been steadily upward since 1870. The main tradition of Western political and philosophical thought suggests that extensive economic globalization and democratization over this period should have reduced appetites for war far below their current level. This view is clearly incomplete: at best, confounding factors are at work. Here, we explore the capacity to wage war. Most fundamentally, the growing number of sovereign states has been losely associated with the spread of democracy and increasing commercial openness, as well as the number of bilateral conflicts. Trade and democracy are traditionally thought of as goods, both in themselves, and because they reduce the willingness to go to war, conditional on the national capacity to do so. But the same factors may also have been increasing the capacity for war, and so its frequency. We need better understanding of how to promote these goods without incurring adverse side-effects on world peace.
Wars are increasingly frequent, and the trend has been steadily upward since 1870. The main tradition of Western political and philosophical thought suggests that extensive economic globalization and democratization over this period should have reduced appetites for war far below their current level. This view is clearly incomplete: at best, confounding factors are at work. Here, we explore the capacity to wage war. Most fundamentally, the growing number of sovereign states has been losely associated with the spread of democracy and increasing commercial openness, as well as the number of bilateral conflicts. Trade and democracy are traditionally thought of as goods, both in themselves, and because they reduce the willingness to go to war, conditional on the national capacity to do so. But the same factors may also have been increasing the capacity for war, and so its frequency. We need better understanding of how to promote these goods without incurring adverse side-effects on world peace.
Αποφθέγματα
Όλοι οι πόλεμοι γίνονται για την απόκτηση υλικών αγαθών.
Μόνο και μόνο επειδή σας αρέσει αυτό που κάνω, δεν σημαίνει ότι σας οφείλω κάτι.
Ο άνθρωπος μπορεί να κάνει ό,τι θέλει, αλλά δεν μπορεί να θέλει ό,τι θέλει.
Η έγνοια της μετριότητας είναι πώς θα σκοτώσει τον χρόνο. Ο σοφός προσπαθεί να εκμεταλλευτεί κάθε δευτερόλεπτο.
Ίσως είναι αναπόφευκτο, ίσως είναι υποχρεωμένος να διαλέξει κανείς ανάμεσα στο να μην είναι απολύτως τίποτα και να υποκρίνεται αυτό που είναι.
Η δίψα για πρωτοτυπία της μοντέρνας τέχνης κάνει τον μέτριο καλλιτέχνη να πιστεύει ότι το μυστικό της πρωτοτυπίας συνίσταται στο να είναι διαφορετικός.
Η δουλειά είναι το καταφύγιο των ανθρώπων που δεν έχουν να κάνουν τίποτε άλλο.
Δεν υπάρχει μεγαλύτερη ντροπή για έναν γέροντα από το να μην έχει να παρουσιάσει άλλη απόδειξη πως έζησε εκτός από τα χρόνια του.
Οι καταπιεσμένοι που επαναστάτησαν δεν μπόρεσαν ποτέ να ιδρύσουν μια κοινωνία μη καταπιεστική.
Εκείνος που κάνει πράγματα κυρίως για το προσωπικό του συμφέρον, θα κάνει πολλούς εχθρούς.
Φτωχός δεν είναι ο άνθρωπος που έχει λίγα, αλλά εκείνος που θέλει περισσότερα.
Ο άνθρωπος, για την ευτυχία του, χρειάζεται όχι μόνο την απόλαυση κάποιων πραγμάτων, αλλά και ελπίδα, προσπάθεια και αλλαγή.